What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Introduction
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Photovoltaic, or PV for short, is a solar might engineering that uses solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays to convert low-cal straight into electricity alongside no emission of unsafe gases in addition to alongside to the lowest degree total of industrials waste. The firstly few years of 21st century get got witnessed a large evolution inwards the Photovoltaic unloosen energy generation in addition to utilization. Due to diverseness of reasons including the concerns of deteriorating populace atmosphere in addition to global warming, the PV engineering has seen large increment inwards solar panel manufacturing in addition to deployment populace over, especially inwards Nippon in addition to Germany. About 30-40% growth inwards the sector inwards final few years is a nifty incentive for investment. Entrepreneurs, enterprise capitalists in addition to large industrial houses inwards the soil are coming forwards to works life industries inwards this area. The engineering is expected to brand a large splash inwards the Indian industrial populace in addition to solve the might crisis beingness faced inwards many states.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The primary number alongside the engineering is its affordability. Intense R&D efforts are beingness made populace over to disclose novel materials, processes, in addition to device structures to increment might conversion efficiency of basic unit of measurement so equally to pick out cost of solar generated might equivalent to that of might obtained from conventional sources.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Technology
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The photovoltaic trial was firstly observed inwards 1839 past times Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. The firstly modern solar jail cellphone was patented past times Russel Ohl inwards 1946. In 1954 Bell Laboratories found that silicon doped alongside sure enough impurities was rattling sensitive to light. This signaled the start of the modern historic menstruation of solar might technology. The firstly practical application of photovoltaic was to might orbiting satellites in addition to other spacecraft in addition to bag calculators, but today, the bulk of photovoltaic modules are used for terrestrial grid connected might generations. There is a smaller marketplace for off grid might for remote dwellings, roadside light posts, emergency telephones, remote sensing, in addition to cathodic protection of pipelines. Based on unlike technologies in addition to materials, the solar cells tin survive grouped into 4 unlike generations:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: First generation photovoltaic cell: The jail cellphone consists of a large-area, single-crystal, unmarried layer p-n junction diode, capable of generating usable electrical unloosen energy from low-cal sources alongside the wavelengths of sunlight. The cells are typically made using a diffusion procedure alongside silicon wafers. These silicon wafer-based solar cells are the dominant engineering inwards the commercial production of solar cells, accounting for to a greater extent than than 86% of the terrestrial solar jail cellphone market.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Second generation photovoltaic cell: These cells are based on the utilization of sparse epitaxial deposits of semiconductors on lattice-matched wafers. There are ii classes of epitaxial photovoltaic - infinite in addition to terrestrial. Space cells typically get got higher AM0 efficiencies (28-30%) inwards production, but get got a higher cost per watt. Their "thin-film" cousins get got been developed using lower-cost processes, but get got lower AM0 efficiencies (7-9%) inwards production. There are currently a number of technologies/semiconductor materials nether investigation or inwards volume production. Examples include amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide/sulfide. An wages of thin-film engineering theoretically results inwards reduced volume so it allows plumbing fixtures panels on low-cal or flexible materials, fifty-fifty on textiles. Second generation solar cells right away incorporate a pocket-sized segment of the terrestrial photovoltaic market, in addition to to a greater extent than or less 90% of the infinite market.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Third-generation photovoltaic cell: They are proposed to survive rattling unlike from the previous semiconductor devices equally they produce non rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photo-generated accuse carriers. For infinite applications quantum good devices (quantum dots, quantum ropes, etc.) in addition to devices incorporating carbon nanotubes are beingness studied - alongside a potential upwards to 45% AM0 production efficiency. For terrestrial applications, these novel devices include photoelectrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, nano-crystal solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells in addition to are nonetheless inwards the inquiry phase.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Fourth Generation Photovoltaic cell: This hypothetical generation of solar cells may consist of composite photovoltaic technology, inwards which polymers alongside nano-particles tin survive mixed together to brand a unmarried multi-spectrum layer. The multi-spectrum layers tin survive stacked to brand multi-spectrum solar cells to a greater extent than efficient in addition to cheaper.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Out of the 4 generations listed above, firstly ii get got been commercialized. Bulk of the photovoltaic modules deployed so far consist of crystalline silicon. The efficiency of crystalline silicon modules varies from 17-22%, though theoretical boundary is about 29%. Using these modules, large solar farms connected to grid, stand upwards solitary might stations to electrify villages in addition to pocket-sized localities get got been established. The silicon modules get got too been integrated to solid agree in addition to commercial buildings to supply the primary or alternate electrical energy. An trial of grid connected solar farm is shown below:
Fig. 1 Grid Connected Solar Farm at Ladakh (Courtesy :Tata-BP Solar Bharat Ltd.)
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Efficiency of a solar jail cellphone depends on its might to absorb solar radiation. Larger the fraction of solar radiations it absorbs, larger volition survive its efficiency in addition to larger might it volition generate. Taking this into account, multi-junction solar cells get got been fabricated. The efficiency of triple junction, province of the fine art solar jail cellphone of 40.7% equally shown inwards Fig. 2 has been recorded past times Spectrolab, USA. The R&D operate to improve efficiency farther is going on past times using 4, v or half dozen junction solar cells. Using these high efficiency solar cells in addition to focusing solar low-cal to 500X, high efficiency solar concentrator has been devised to plough over electrical might of few KWp, plenty to low-cal upwards a household of pocket-sized family. The utilization of low-cal reflector get got reduced the actual device size of the device, therefore reducing the usage in addition to cost of much costlier semiconductor materials. One such concentrator alongside tracker has been installed at IIT Kanpur commemorating the National Conference on the Emerging Trends inwards the Photovoltaic Energy Generation in addition to Utilization (NCETPEGU) from 27-29 March 2008.
Fig.2 Characteristics of high Efficiency
Triple Junction Solar Cell.
Courtesy: Spectrolab
Fig.3 1.2 KWp High Efficiency Solar Concentrator alongside Tracker beingness installed at IIT Kanpur
Courtesy: Moser Baer Photovoltaic Pvt Ltd.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The efficiency of basic solar jail cellphone unit of measurement has farther been increased to 42.8% using an altogether novel concept. The credit goes to a grouping of scientists nether the leadership of University of Delaware, USA. The cells accomplish this past times splitting the incoming low-cal into high, depression in addition to medium unloosen energy chunks. The low-cal is in addition to then directed to unlike province of the fine art devices optimized to respective chunks of radiations leading to higher efficiency. The concept is yet to survive commercialized.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The final ii generations of solar cells are nonetheless at inquiry in addition to evolution stage. It volition get got some to a greater extent than years to sympathise the underlying scientific discipline in addition to engineering to pick out them to commercial level.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Organic Solar Cells
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The Solar cells made using organic materials get got large potential for producing inexpensive electricity equally these tin easily survive fabricated on large glass, metallic foils in addition to polythene sheets. So far 6% efficiency has been reported using polymer in addition to C60-derivative hybrid solar cells inwards tandem device structure. At IIT Kanpur, inquiry in addition to evolution operate has started inwards this direction. The basic polymer solar jail cellphone of construction equally shown inwards Fig.4 has been fabricated. The I-V characteristics of device are shown inwards Fig. 5. Further operate is beingness done to optimize construction to increment efficiency in addition to lifetime.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Small proto-types of modules in addition to panels capable of driving pocket-sized electronic gadgets similar digital watches, reckoner in addition to other electronic devices get got been fabricated. The pictures of these are shown inwards Fig half dozen (a)- (d).
Fig. half dozen (a) Running a Clock:
Fig.6 (b) Running a reckoner inwards normal room light:
Fig.6 (c) Organic Solar Panels providing might for illumination purposes inwards homes:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Fig.6 (d) Working equally optical detector:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: In improver to polymer based solar cells, CuPc in addition to C60 get got too been used to fabricate solar cells giving roughly 0.5% efficiency. Further R&D operate is beingness done to increment the efficiency farther using ameliorate materials, processes in addition to device structures.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The Semiconductor Device laboratory at Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur specializes inwards silicon in addition to organic semiconductor devices. Apart from Organic Solar cells, polymer in addition to pocket-sized molecule Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) get got been developed. The OLEDs alongside luminance of 15000 Cd/m2 in addition to efficiency of 14.2 Cd/A get got been developed. Using OLEDs of red, light-green in addition to blueish colours, white low-cal has too been generated. The low-cal obtained from OLEDs volition survive much efficient than other conventional low-cal sources in addition to is probable to cut back the electrical charge of a household. The pictures of some of the red, green, in addition to whitish blueish OLED developed inwards our Lab are shown below:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The Organic Light Emitting Diode engineering is especially suitable for depression data content displays similar full general nib board type displays in addition to 7-segment digital displays. These displays get got been developed in addition to are gear upwards for commercialization. Some of the materials used inwards the fabrication get got too been developed inwards the laboratory.� The pictures of these full general displays in addition to 7-segment displays are shown below.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The 7-segment digital display tin survive used inwards identify of LCD displays used inwards Petrol pumps where it volition survive easily readable from a distance. An paradigm of a vii segment display is shown below:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: The plain of organic based devices is rich alongside large possibilities. Development of ameliorate materials, device structures in addition to combination of polymer alongside nano particles is probable to realize the 4th generation photovoltaic device of highest efficiency. This is simply the beginning.
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree:
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Courtesy
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Dr RS Anand, Principal Research Engineer
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Ms Rachana Singh, Mr Rai Dharmendra Kumar Rajdeo, Project Scientists,
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Mr Jai Kishan Verma, Mr Mayank Jain, Mr Sundeep Ceasor Toppo, M.Tech. Students
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Mr Ramesh Prasad, Project Technician, Ms Madhu Rawat, Lab Assistant
What can i do with a mechanical engineering degree: Mr Pati Ram in addition to Mr Vijay Shankar Singh
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